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Legal issue
The procedural protections owed a student before exclusion from school. Because state law creates a "legitimate entitlement to a public education" that is "a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause," a suspension of ten days or less requires "oral or written notice of the charges ... and, if [the student] denies them, an explanation of the evidence ... and an opportunity to present his side of the story" (Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975)). Scope/boundary: Goss sets a minimum for short suspensions (not the procedures for long-term expulsion, counsel, or confrontation) and addresses process, not whether exclusionary discipline is educationally sound — the developmental evidence on suspension's effects is rated on the claim pages.
Verified passages where courts have addressed this issue. The citator badge reflects each case's overallsubsequent treatment by later courts — not doubt about the quoted passage — and any “N citing” figure is that case's global citation count, not specific to this issue.
A suspension of ten days or less requires "oral or written notice of the charges ... and, if he denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present his side of the story." (Majority; core holding.)
Out-of-school suspension and other exclusionary discipline are associated with — and in several quasi-experimental studies appear to worsen — suspended students' attendance, achievement, and graduation and their risk of dropout and justice-system involvement; the practice is applied with large racial and disability disparities, but rigorous causal estimates of its effect on test scores are mixed.
Stationing police (school resource officers) in schools reliably increases exclusionary discipline, police referrals, and student arrests — with the largest increases falling on Black students and students with disabilities — and in the strongest designs is linked to lower graduation and college enrollment; safety effects are mixed, with some serious violence reduced but gun-related incidents not prevented.