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Adolescent personality and character are still forming and are not reliable indicators of fixed adult character; most adolescents who engage in antisocial behavior, including serious offending, desist as they mature, so adolescent conduct is a poor predictor of irretrievable depravity.
Adolescents have a diminished capacity for self-regulation and impulse control relative to adults; the neural systems supporting cognitive control and behavioral inhibition mature gradually across adolescence and do not reach adult levels until the late teens to early twenties.
Adolescents weigh risks and rewards differently from adults: a reward-sensitive socio-emotional system matures earlier than the cognitive-control system, producing heightened reward-seeking, a weaker orientation to the future, and steeper discounting of delayed consequences during adolescence.
The structural maturation of the human brain — including cortical gray-matter thinning and continued development of white-matter connectivity in regions that support cognitive control — continues throughout adolescence and into the early-to-mid twenties, later than the maturation of many other organ systems.
Transferring juveniles to adult criminal court does not achieve specific deterrence and, in the most credible studies, tends to increase rather than reduce recidivism relative to retention in the juvenile system; pooled effects are heterogeneous and some rigorous analyses find null or offense-specific effects, but no body of evidence supports transfer as a means of reducing reoffending.