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Juvenile Defense
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Offender Rehabilitation / Social Reintegration
adolescent adjudicative competence
adolescent legal competence / Miranda waiver
adolescent personality development / desistance
adolescent risk/reward processing
adolescent self-regulation / impulse control
adolescent social influence / coercion
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Crossover & Dual-Status Youth
Deterrence & the Penological Aims of Sentencing
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Showing 5 verified claims
adolescent personality development / desistance
Adolescent personality and character are still forming and are not reliable indicators of fixed adult character; most adolescents who engage in antisocial behavior, including serious offending, desist as they mature, so adolescent conduct is a poor predictor of irretrievable depravity.
Evidence:
High
Consensus:
Established
Certified
adolescent self-regulation / impulse control
Adolescents have a diminished capacity for self-regulation and impulse control relative to adults; the neural systems supporting cognitive control and behavioral inhibition mature gradually across adolescence and do not reach adult levels until the late teens to early twenties.
adolescent structural neurodevelopment
adolescent structural neurodevelopment
childhood adversity / developmental criminology
childhood adversity / developmental criminology
criminal defense / FASD & criminal culpability
criminal defense / FASD & criminal culpability
criminal defense / juvenile transfer & recidivism
criminal defense / juvenile transfer & recidivism
criminal defense / solitary confinement & psychological harm
criminal defense / solitary confinement & psychological harm
developmental factors in interrogation
developmental factors in interrogation
false confessions / interrogation reliability
false confessions / interrogation reliability
juvenile forensic assessment
juvenile forensic assessment
juvenile justice / child welfare -- crossover (dual-status) youth
juvenile justice / child welfare -- crossover (dual-status) youth
juvenile justice / equal treatment
juvenile justice / equal treatment
juvenile justice / mental health
juvenile justice / mental health
juvenile justice / neurodevelopment
juvenile justice / neurodevelopment
juvenile offending / recidivism
juvenile offending / recidivism
juvenile rehabilitation / intervention effectiveness
juvenile rehabilitation / intervention effectiveness
Evidence:
High
Consensus:
Established
Certified
adolescent risk/reward processing
Adolescents weigh risks and rewards differently from adults: a reward-sensitive socio-emotional system matures earlier than the cognitive-control system, producing heightened reward-seeking, a weaker orientation to the future, and steeper discounting of delayed consequences during adolescence.
Evidence:
High
Consensus:
Established
Certified
adolescent structural neurodevelopment
The structural maturation of the human brain — including cortical gray-matter thinning and continued development of white-matter connectivity in regions that support cognitive control — continues throughout adolescence and into the early-to-mid twenties, later than the maturation of many other organ systems.
Evidence:
High
Consensus:
Established
Certified
criminal defense / juvenile transfer & recidivism
Transferring juveniles to adult criminal court does not achieve specific deterrence and, in the most credible studies, tends to increase rather than reduce recidivism relative to retention in the juvenile system; pooled effects are heterogeneous and some rigorous analyses find null or offense-specific effects, but no body of evidence supports transfer as a means of reducing reoffending.
Evidence:
Moderate
Consensus:
Established
Certified